# INSTALL INSTRUCTIONS: save as ~/.gdbinit # # DESCRIPTION: A user-friendly gdb configuration file. # # REVISION : 7.2 (11/10/2009) # # CONTRIBUTORS: mammon_, elaine, pusillus, mong, zhang le, l0kit, # truthix the cyberpunk, fG!, gln # # FEEDBACK: https://www.reverse-engineering.net # The Linux Area # Topic: "+HCU's .gdbinit Version 7.1 -- humble announce" # http://reverse.put.as # # NOTES: 'help user' in gdb will list the commands/descriptions in this file # 'context on' now enables auto-display of context screen # # MAC OS X NOTES: If you are using this on Mac OS X, you must either attach gdb to a process # or launch gdb without any options and then load the binary file you want to analyse with "exec-file" option # If you load the binary from the command line, like $gdb binary-name, this will not work as it should # For more information, read it here http://reverse.put.as/2008/11/28/apples-gdb-bug/ # # UPDATE: This bug can be fixed in gdb source. Refer to http://reverse.put.as/2009/08/10/fix-for-apples-gdb-bug-or-why-apple-forks-are-bad/ # and http://reverse.put.as/2009/08/26/gdb-patches/ (if you want the fixed binary for i386) # # CHANGELOG: # # Version 7.2 (11/10/2009) # Added the smallregisters function to create 16 and 8 bit versions from the registers EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX # Revised and fixed all the dumpjump stuff, following Intel manuals. There were some errors (thx to rev who pointed the jle problem). # Small fix to stepo command (missed a few call types) # # Version 7.1.7 # Added the possibility to modify what's displayed with the context window. You can change default options at the gdb options part. For example, kernel debugging is much slower if the stack display is enabled... # New commands enableobjectivec, enablecpuregisters, enablestack, enabledatawin and their disable equivalents (to support realtime change of default options) # Fixed problem with the assemble command. I was calling /bin/echo which doesn't support the -e option ! DUH ! Should have used bash internal version. # Small fixes to colours... # New commands enablesolib and disablesolib . Just shortcuts for the stop-on-solib-events fantastic trick ! Hey... I'm lazy ;) # Fixed this: Possible removal of "u" command, info udot is missing in gdb 6.8-debian . Doesn't exist on OS X so bye bye !!! # Displays affected flags in jump decisions # # Version 7.1.6 # Added modified assemble command from Tavis Ormandy (further modified to work with Mac OS X) (shell commands used use full path name, working for Leopard, modify for others if necessary) # Renamed thread command to threads because thread is an internal gdb command that allows to move between program threads # # Version 7.1.5 (04/01/2009) # Fixed crash on Leopard ! There was a If Else condition where the else had no code and that made gdb crash on Leopard (CRAZY!!!!) # Better code indention # # Version 7.1.4 (02/01/2009) # Bug in show objective c messages with Leopard ??? # Nop routine support for single address or range (contribution from gln [ghalen at hack.se]) # Used the same code from nop to null routine # # Version 7.1.3 (31/12/2008) # Added a new command 'stepo'. This command will step a temporary breakpoint on next instruction after the call, so you can skip over # the call. Did this because normal commands not always skip over (mainly with objc_msgSend) # # Version 7.1.2 (31/12/2008) # Support for the jump decision (will display if a conditional jump will be taken or not) # # Version 7.1.1 (29/12/2008) # Moved gdb options to the beginning (makes more sense) # Added support to dump message being sent to msgSend (easier to understand what's going on) # # Version 7.1 # Fixed serious (and old) bug in dd and datawin, causing dereference of # obviously invalid address. See below: # gdb$ dd 0xffffffff # FFFFFFFF : Cannot access memory at address 0xffffffff # # Version 7.0 # Added cls command. # Improved documentation of many commands. # Removed bp_alloc, was neither portable nor usefull. # Checking of passed argument(s) in these commands: # contextsize-stack, contextsize-data, contextsize-code # bp, bpc, bpe, bpd, bpt, bpm, bhb,... # Fixed bp and bhb inconsistencies, look at * signs in Version 6.2 # Bugfix in bhb command, changed "break" to "hb" command body # Removed $SHOW_CONTEXT=1 from several commands, this variable # should only be controlled globally with context-on and context-off # Improved stack, func, var and sig, dis, n, go,... # they take optional argument(s) now # Fixed wrong $SHOW_CONTEXT assignment in context-off # Fixed serious bug in cft command, forgotten ~ sign # Fixed these bugs in step_to_call: # 1) the correct logging sequence is: # set logging file > set logging redirect > set logging on # 2) $SHOW_CONTEXT is now correctly restored from $_saved_ctx # Fixed these bugs in trace_calls: # 1) the correct logging sequence is: # set logging file > set logging overwrite > # set logging redirect > set logging on # 2) removed the "clean up trace file" part, which is not needed now, # stepi output is properly redirected to /dev/null # 3) $SHOW_CONTEXT is now correctly restored from $_saved_ctx # Fixed bug in trace_run: # 1) $SHOW_CONTEXT is now correctly restored from $_saved_ctx # Fixed print_insn_type -- removed invalid semicolons!, wrong value checking, # Added TODO entry regarding the "u" command # Changed name from gas_assemble to assemble_gas due to consistency # Output from assemble and assemble_gas is now similar, because i made # both of them to use objdump, with respect to output format (AT&T|Intel). # Whole code was checked and made more consistent, readable/maintainable. # # Version 6.2 # Add global variables to allow user to control stack, data and code window sizes # Increase readability for registers # Some corrections (hexdump, ddump, context, cfp, assemble, gas_asm, tips, prompt) # # Version 6.1-color-user # Took the Gentoo route and ran sed s/user/user/g # # Version 6.1-color # Added color fixes from # http://gnurbs.blogsome.com/2006/12/22/colorizing-mamons-gdbinit/ # # Version 6.1 # Fixed filename in step_to_call so it points to /dev/null # Changed location of logfiles from /tmp to ~ # # Version 6 # Added print_insn_type, get_insn_type, context-on, context-off commands # Added trace_calls, trace_run, step_to_call commands # Changed hook-stop so it checks $SHOW_CONTEXT variable # # Version 5 # Added bpm, dump_bin, dump_hex, bp_alloc commands # Added 'assemble' by elaine, 'gas_asm' by mong # Added Tip Topics for aspiring users ;) # # Version 4 # Added eflags-changing insns by pusillus # Added bp, nop, null, and int3 patch commands, also hook-stop # # Version 3 # Incorporated elaine's if/else goodness into the hex/ascii dump # # Version 2 # Radix bugfix by elaine # # TODO: # Add dump, append, set write, etc commands # Add more tips ! # __________________gdb options_________________ set confirm off set verbose off set prompt \033[31mgdb$ \033[0m set output-radix 0x10 set input-radix 0x10 # These make gdb never pause in its output set height 0 set width 0 # Display instructions in Intel format set disassembly-flavor intel set $SHOW_CONTEXT = 1 set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 set $CONTEXTSIZE_STACK = 6 set $CONTEXTSIZE_DATA = 8 set $CONTEXTSIZE_CODE = 8 # set to 0 to remove display of objectivec messages (default is 1) set $SHOWOBJECTIVEC = 1 # set to 0 to remove display of cpu registers (default is 1) set $SHOWCPUREGISTERS = 1 # set to 1 to enable display of stack (default is 0) set $SHOWSTACK = 0 # set to 1 to enable display of data window (default is 0) set $SHOWDATAWIN = 0 # __________________end gdb options_________________ # ______________window size control___________ define contextsize-stack if $argc != 1 help contextsize-stack else set $CONTEXTSIZE_STACK = $arg0 end end document contextsize-stack Set stack dump window size to NUM lines. Usage: contextsize-stack NUM end define contextsize-data if $argc != 1 help contextsize-data else set $CONTEXTSIZE_DATA = $arg0 end end document contextsize-data Set data dump window size to NUM lines. Usage: contextsize-data NUM end define contextsize-code if $argc != 1 help contextsize-code else set $CONTEXTSIZE_CODE = $arg0 end end document contextsize-code Set code window size to NUM lines. Usage: contextsize-code NUM end # _____________breakpoint aliases_____________ define bpl info breakpoints end document bpl List all breakpoints. end define bp if $argc != 1 help bp else break $arg0 end end document bp Set breakpoint. Usage: bp LOCATION LOCATION may be a line number, function name, or "*" and an address. To break on a symbol you must enclose symbol name inside "". Example: bp "[NSControl stringValue]" Or else you can use directly the break command (break [NSControl stringValue]) end define bpc if $argc != 1 help bpc else clear $arg0 end end document bpc Clear breakpoint. Usage: bpc LOCATION LOCATION may be a line number, function name, or "*" and an address. end define bpe if $argc != 1 help bpe else enable $arg0 end end document bpe Enable breakpoint with number NUM. Usage: bpe NUM end define bpd if $argc != 1 help bpd else disable $arg0 end end document bpd Disable breakpoint with number NUM. Usage: bpd NUM end define bpt if $argc != 1 help bpt else tbreak $arg0 end end document bpt Set a temporary breakpoint. Will be deleted when hit! Usage: bpt LOCATION LOCATION may be a line number, function name, or "*" and an address. end define bpm if $argc != 1 help bpm else awatch $arg0 end end document bpm Set a read/write breakpoint on EXPRESSION, e.g. *address. Usage: bpm EXPRESSION end define bhb if $argc != 1 help bhb else hb $arg0 end end document bhb Set hardware assisted breakpoint. Usage: bhb LOCATION LOCATION may be a line number, function name, or "*" and an address. end # ______________process information____________ define argv show args end document argv Print program arguments. end define stack if $argc == 0 info stack end if $argc == 1 info stack $arg0 end if $argc > 1 help stack end end document stack Print backtrace of the call stack, or innermost COUNT frames. Usage: stack end define frame info frame info args info locals end document frame Print stack frame. end define flags # OF (overflow) flag if (($eflags >> 0xB) & 1) printf "O " set $_of_flag = 1 else printf "o " set $_of_flag = 0 end if (($eflags >> 0xA) & 1) printf "D " else printf "d " end if (($eflags >> 9) & 1) printf "I " else printf "i " end if (($eflags >> 8) & 1) printf "T " else printf "t " end # SF (sign) flag if (($eflags >> 7) & 1) printf "S " set $_sf_flag = 1 else printf "s " set $_sf_flag = 0 end # ZF (zero) flag if (($eflags >> 6) & 1) printf "Z " set $_zf_flag = 1 else printf "z " set $_zf_flag = 0 end if (($eflags >> 4) & 1) printf "A " else printf "a " end # PF (parity) flag if (($eflags >> 2) & 1) printf "P " set $_pf_flag = 1 else printf "p " set $_pf_flag = 0 end # CF (carry) flag if ($eflags & 1) printf "C " set $_cf_flag = 1 else printf "c " set $_cf_flag = 0 end printf "\n" end document flags Print flags register. end define eflags printf " OF <%d> DF <%d> IF <%d> TF <%d>",\ (($eflags >> 0xB) & 1), (($eflags >> 0xA) & 1), \ (($eflags >> 9) & 1), (($eflags >> 8) & 1) printf " SF <%d> ZF <%d> AF <%d> PF <%d> CF <%d>\n",\ (($eflags >> 7) & 1), (($eflags >> 6) & 1),\ (($eflags >> 4) & 1), (($eflags >> 2) & 1), ($eflags & 1) printf " ID <%d> VIP <%d> VIF <%d> AC <%d>",\ (($eflags >> 0x15) & 1), (($eflags >> 0x14) & 1), \ (($eflags >> 0x13) & 1), (($eflags >> 0x12) & 1) printf " VM <%d> RF <%d> NT <%d> IOPL <%d>\n",\ (($eflags >> 0x11) & 1), (($eflags >> 0x10) & 1),\ (($eflags >> 0xE) & 1), (($eflags >> 0xC) & 3) end document eflags Print eflags register. end define reg printf " " echo \033[32m printf "EAX:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X ", $eax echo \033[32m printf "EBX:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X ", $ebx echo \033[32m printf "ECX:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X ", $ecx echo \033[32m printf "EDX:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X ", $edx echo \033[1m\033[4m\033[31m flags echo \033[0m printf " " echo \033[32m printf "ESI:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X ", $esi echo \033[32m printf "EDI:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X ", $edi echo \033[32m printf "EBP:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X ", $ebp echo \033[32m printf "ESP:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X ", $esp echo \033[32m printf "EIP:" echo \033[0m printf " %08X\n ", $eip echo \033[32m printf "CS:" echo \033[0m printf " %04X ", $cs echo \033[32m printf "DS:" echo \033[0m printf " %04X ", $ds echo \033[32m printf "ES:" echo \033[0m printf " %04X ", $es echo \033[32m printf "FS:" echo \033[0m printf " %04X ", $fs echo \033[32m printf "GS:" echo \033[0m printf " %04X ", $gs echo \033[32m printf "SS:" echo \033[0m printf " %04X", $ss echo \033[0m # call smallregisters smallregisters # display conditional jump routine dumpjump printf "\n" end document reg Print CPU registers. end define smallregisters # from eax set $ax = $eax & 0xffff set $al = $ax & 0xff set $ah = $ax >> 8 # from ebx set $bx = $ebx & 0xffff set $bl = $bx & 0xff set $bh = $bx >> 8 # from ecx set $cx = $ecx & 0xffff set $cl = $cx & 0xff set $ch = $cx >> 8 # from edx set $dx = $edx & 0xffff set $dl = $dx & 0xff set $dh = $dx >> 8 # from esi set $si = $esi & 0xffff # from edi set $di = $edi & 0xffff end document smallregisters Create the 16 and 8 bit cpu registers (gdb doesn't have them by default) end define func if $argc == 0 info functions end if $argc == 1 info functions $arg0 end if $argc > 1 help func end end document func Print all function names in target, or those matching REGEXP. Usage: func end define var if $argc == 0 info variables end if $argc == 1 info variables $arg0 end if $argc > 1 help var end end document var Print all global and static variable names (symbols), or those matching REGEXP. Usage: var end define lib info sharedlibrary end document lib Print shared libraries linked to target. end define sig if $argc == 0 info signals end if $argc == 1 info signals $arg0 end if $argc > 1 help sig end end document sig Print what debugger does when program gets various signals. Specify a SIGNAL as argument to print info on that signal only. Usage: sig end define threads info threads end document threads Print threads in target. end define dis if $argc == 0 disassemble end if $argc == 1 disassemble $arg0 end if $argc == 2 disassemble $arg0 $arg1 end if $argc > 2 help dis end end document dis Disassemble a specified section of memory. Default is to disassemble the function surrounding the PC (program counter) of selected frame. With one argument, ADDR1, the function surrounding this address is dumped. Two arguments are taken as a range of memory to dump. Usage: dis end # __________hex/ascii dump an address_________ define ascii_char if $argc != 1 help ascii_char else # thanks elaine :) set $_c = *(unsigned char *)($arg0) if ($_c < 0x20 || $_c > 0x7E) printf "." else printf "%c", $_c end end end document ascii_char Print ASCII value of byte at address ADDR. Print "." if the value is unprintable. Usage: ascii_char ADDR end define hex_quad if $argc != 1 help hex_quad else printf "%02X %02X %02X %02X %02X %02X %02X %02X", \ *(unsigned char*)($arg0), *(unsigned char*)($arg0 + 1), \ *(unsigned char*)($arg0 + 2), *(unsigned char*)($arg0 + 3), \ *(unsigned char*)($arg0 + 4), *(unsigned char*)($arg0 + 5), \ *(unsigned char*)($arg0 + 6), *(unsigned char*)($arg0 + 7) end end document hex_quad Print eight hexadecimal bytes starting at address ADDR. Usage: hex_quad ADDR end define hexdump if $argc != 1 help hexdump else echo \033[1m printf "%08X : ", $arg0 echo \033[0m hex_quad $arg0 echo \033[1m printf " - " echo \033[0m hex_quad $arg0+8 printf " " echo \033[1m ascii_char $arg0+0x0 ascii_char $arg0+0x1 ascii_char $arg0+0x2 ascii_char $arg0+0x3 ascii_char $arg0+0x4 ascii_char $arg0+0x5 ascii_char $arg0+0x6 ascii_char $arg0+0x7 ascii_char $arg0+0x8 ascii_char $arg0+0x9 ascii_char $arg0+0xA ascii_char $arg0+0xB ascii_char $arg0+0xC ascii_char $arg0+0xD ascii_char $arg0+0xE ascii_char $arg0+0xF echo \033[0m printf "\n" end end document hexdump Display a 16-byte hex/ASCII dump of memory at address ADDR. Usage: hexdump ADDR end # _______________data window__________________ define ddump if $argc != 1 help ddump else echo \033[34m printf "[%04X:%08X]", $ds, $data_addr echo \033[34m printf "------------------------" printf "-----------------------------------" echo \033[1;34m printf "[data]\n" echo \033[0m set $_count = 0 while ($_count < $arg0) set $_i = ($_count * 0x10) hexdump $data_addr+$_i set $_count++ end end end document ddump Display NUM lines of hexdump for address in $data_addr global variable. Usage: ddump NUM end define dd if $argc != 1 help dd else if ((($arg0 >> 0x18) == 0x40) || (($arg0 >> 0x18) == 0x08) || (($arg0 >> 0x18) == 0xBF)) set $data_addr = $arg0 ddump 0x10 else printf "Invalid address: %08X\n", $arg0 end end end document dd Display 16 lines of a hex dump of address starting at ADDR. Usage: dd ADDR end define datawin if ((($esi >> 0x18) == 0x40) || (($esi >> 0x18) == 0x08) || (($esi >> 0x18) == 0xBF)) set $data_addr = $esi else if ((($edi >> 0x18) == 0x40) || (($edi >> 0x18) == 0x08) || (($edi >> 0x18) == 0xBF)) set $data_addr = $edi else if ((($eax >> 0x18) == 0x40) || (($eax >> 0x18) == 0x08) || (($eax >> 0x18) == 0xBF)) set $data_addr = $eax else set $data_addr = $esp end end end ddump $CONTEXTSIZE_DATA end document datawin Display valid address from one register in data window. Registers to choose are: esi, edi, eax, or esp. end ################################ ##### ALERT ALERT ALERT ######## ################################ # Huge mess going here :) HAHA # ################################ define dumpjump ## grab the first two bytes from the instruction so we can determine the jump instruction set $_byte1 = *(unsigned char *)$pc set $_byte2 = *(unsigned char *)($pc+1) ## and now check what kind of jump we have (in case it's a jump instruction) ## I changed the flags routine to save the flag into a variable, so we don't need to repeat the process :) (search for "define flags") ## opcode 0x77: JA, JNBE (jump if CF=0 and ZF=0) ## opcode 0x0F87: JNBE, JA if ( ($_byte1 == 0x77) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x87) ) # cf=0 and zf=0 if ($_cf_flag == 0 && $_zf_flag == 0) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (c=0 and z=0)" else # cf != 0 or zf != 0 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (c!=0 or z!=0)" end end ## opcode 0x73: JAE, JNB, JNC (jump if CF=0) ## opcode 0x0F83: JNC, JNB, JAE (jump if CF=0) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x73) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x83) ) # cf=0 if ($_cf_flag == 0) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (c=0)" else # cf != 0 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (c!=0)" end end ## opcode 0x72: JB, JC, JNAE (jump if CF=1) ## opcode 0x0F82: JNAE, JB, JC if ( ($_byte1 == 0x72) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x82) ) # cf=1 if ($_cf_flag == 1) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (c=1)" else # cf != 1 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (c!=1)" end end ## opcode 0x76: JBE, JNA (jump if CF=1 or ZF=1) ## opcode 0x0F86: JBE, JNA if ( ($_byte1 == 0x76) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x86) ) # cf=1 or zf=1 if (($_cf_flag == 1) || ($_zf_flag == 1)) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (c=1 or z=1)" else # cf != 1 or zf != 1 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (c!=1 or z!=1)" end end ## opcode 0xE3: JCXZ, JECXZ, JRCXZ (jump if CX=0 or ECX=0 or RCX=0) if ($_byte1 == 0xE3) # cx=0 or ecx=0 if (($ecx == 0) || ($cx == 0)) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (cx=0 or ecx=0)" else # echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (cx!=0 or ecx!=0)" end end ## opcode 0x74: JE, JZ (jump if ZF=1) ## opcode 0x0F84: JZ, JE, JZ (jump if ZF=1) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x74) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x84) ) # ZF = 1 if ($_zf_flag == 1) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (z=1)" else # ZF = 0 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (z!=1)" end end ## opcode 0x7F: JG, JNLE (jump if ZF=0 and SF=OF) ## opcode 0x0F8F: JNLE, JG (jump if ZF=0 and SF=OF) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x7F) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x8F) ) # zf = 0 and sf = of if (($_zf_flag == 0) && ($_sf_flag == $_of_flag)) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (z=0 and s=o)" else # echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (z!=0 or s!=o)" end end ## opcode 0x7D: JGE, JNL (jump if SF=OF) ## opcode 0x0F8D: JNL, JGE (jump if SF=OF) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x7D) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x8D) ) # sf = of if ($_sf_flag == $_of_flag) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (s=o)" else # echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (s!=o)" end end ## opcode: 0x7C: JL, JNGE (jump if SF != OF) ## opcode: 0x0F8C: JNGE, JL (jump if SF != OF) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x7C) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x8C) ) # sf != of if ($_sf_flag != $_of_flag) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (s!=o)" else # echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (s=o)" end end ## opcode 0x7E: JLE, JNG (jump if ZF = 1 or SF != OF) ## opcode 0x0F8E: JNG, JLE (jump if ZF = 1 or SF != OF) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x7E) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x8E) ) # zf = 1 or sf != of if (($_zf_flag == 1) || ($_sf_flag != $_of_flag)) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (zf=1 or sf!=of)" else # echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (zf!=1 or sf=of)" end end ## opcode 0x75: JNE, JNZ (jump if ZF = 0) ## opcode 0x0F85: JNE, JNZ (jump if ZF = 0) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x75) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x85) ) # ZF = 0 if ($_zf_flag == 0) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (z=0)" else # ZF = 1 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (z!=0)" end end ## opcode 0x71: JNO (OF = 0) ## opcode 0x0F81: JNO (OF = 0) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x71) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x81) ) # OF = 0 if ($_of_flag == 0) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (o=0)" else # OF != 0 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (o!=0)" end end ## opcode 0x7B: JNP, JPO (jump if PF = 0) ## opcode 0x0F8B: JPO (jump if PF = 0) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x7B) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x8B) ) # PF = 0 if ($_pf_flag == 0) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (p=0)" else # PF != 0 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (p!=0)" end end ## opcode 0x79: JNS (jump if SF = 0) ## opcode 0x0F89: JNS (jump if SF = 0) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x79) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x89) ) # SF = 0 if ($_sf_flag == 0) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (s=0)" else # SF != 0 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (s!=0)" end end ## opcode 0x70: JO (jump if OF=1) ## opcode 0x0F80: JO (jump if OF=1) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x70) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x80) ) # OF = 1 if ($_of_flag == 1) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (o=1)" else # OF != 1 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (o!=1)" end end ## opcode 0x7A: JP, JPE (jump if PF=1) ## opcode 0x0F8A: JP, JPE (jump if PF=1) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x7A) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x8A) ) # PF = 1 if ($_pf_flag == 1) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (p=1)" else # PF = 0 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (p!=1)" end end ## opcode 0x78: JS (jump if SF=1) ## opcode 0x0F88: JS (jump if SF=1) if ( ($_byte1 == 0x78) || ($_byte1 == 0x0F && $_byte2 == 0x88) ) # SF = 1 if ($_sf_flag == 1) echo \033[31m printf " Jump is taken (s=1)" else # SF != 1 echo \033[31m printf " Jump is NOT taken (s!=1)" end end # end of dumpjump function end document dumpjump Display if conditional jump will be taken or not end # _______________process context______________ # initialize variable set $displayobjectivec = 0 define context echo \033[34m if $SHOWCPUREGISTERS == 1 printf "----------------------------------------" printf "----------------------------------" echo \033[34m\033[1m printf "[regs]\n" echo \033[0m reg echo \033[36m end if $SHOWSTACK == 1 echo \033[34m printf "[%04X:%08X]", $ss, $esp echo \033[34m printf "-------------------------" printf "---------------------------------" echo \033[34m\033[1m printf "[stack]\n" echo \033[0m set $context_i = $CONTEXTSIZE_STACK while ($context_i > 0) set $context_t = $sp + 0x10 * ($context_i - 1) hexdump $context_t set $context_i-- end end # show the objective C message being passed to msgSend if $SHOWOBJECTIVEC == 1 # What a piece of crap that's going on here :) # detect if it's the correct opcode we are searching for set $__byte1 = *(unsigned char *)$pc set $__byte = *(int *)$pc # if ($__byte == 0x4244489) set $objectivec = $eax set $displayobjectivec = 1 end # if ($__byte == 0x4245489) set $objectivec = $edx set $displayobjectivec = 1 end # if ($__byte == 0x4244c89) set $objectivec = $edx set $displayobjectivec = 1 end # and now display it or not (we have no interest in having the info displayed after the call) if $__byte1 == 0xE8 if $displayobjectivec == 1 echo \033[34m printf "--------------------------------------------------------------------" echo \033[34m\033[1m printf "[ObjectiveC]\n" echo \033[0m\033[30m x/s $objectivec end set $displayobjectivec = 0 end if $displayobjectivec == 1 echo \033[34m printf "--------------------------------------------------------------------" echo \033[34m\033[1m printf "[ObjectiveC]\n" echo \033[0m\033[30m x/s $objectivec end end echo \033[0m # and this is the end of this little crap if $SHOWDATAWIN == 1 datawin end echo \033[34m printf "--------------------------------------------------------------------------" echo \033[34m\033[1m printf "[code]\n" echo \033[0m set $context_i = $CONTEXTSIZE_CODE if($context_i > 0) x /i $pc set $context_i-- end while ($context_i > 0) x /i set $context_i-- end echo \033[34m printf "----------------------------------------" printf "----------------------------------------\n" echo \033[0m end document context Print context window, i.e. regs, stack, ds:esi and disassemble cs:eip. end define context-on set $SHOW_CONTEXT = 1 printf "Displaying of context is now ON\n" end document context-on Enable display of context on every program break. end define context-off set $SHOW_CONTEXT = 0 printf "Displaying of context is now OFF\n" end document context-off Disable display of context on every program break. end # _______________process control______________ define n if $argc == 0 nexti end if $argc == 1 nexti $arg0 end if $argc > 1 help n end end document n Step one instruction, but proceed through subroutine calls. If NUM is given, then repeat it NUM times or till program stops. This is alias for nexti. Usage: n end define go if $argc == 0 stepi end if $argc == 1 stepi $arg0 end if $argc > 1 help go end end document go Step one instruction exactly. If NUM is given, then repeat it NUM times or till program stops. This is alias for stepi. Usage: go end define pret finish end document pret Execute until selected stack frame returns (step out of current call). Upon return, the value returned is printed and put in the value history. end define init set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 tbreak _init r end document init Run program and break on _init(). end define start set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 tbreak _start r end document start Run program and break on _start(). end define sstart set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 tbreak __libc_start_main r end document sstart Run program and break on __libc_start_main(). Useful for stripped executables. end define main set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 tbreak main r end document main Run program and break on main(). end #### WARNING ! WARNING !! #### More more messy stuff starting !!! #### I was thinking about how to do this and then it ocurred me that it could be as simple as this ! :) define stepo ## we know that an opcode starting by 0xE8 has a fixed length ## for the 0xFF opcodes, we can enumerate what is possible to have # first we grab the first 3 bytes from the current program counter set $_byte1 = *(unsigned char *)$pc set $_byte2 = *(unsigned char *)($pc+1) set $_byte3 = *(unsigned char *)($pc+2) # and start the fun # if it's a 0xE8 opcode, the total instruction size will be 5 bytes # so we can simply calculate the next address and use a temporary breakpoint ! Voila :) set $_nextaddress = 0 # this one is the must useful for us !!! if ($_byte1 == 0xE8) set $_nextaddress = $pc + 0x5 else # just other cases we might be interested in... maybe this should be removed since the 0xE8 opcode is the one we will use more # this is a big fucking mess and can be improved for sure :) I don't like the way it is ehehehe if ($_byte1 == 0xFF) # call *%eax (0xFFD0) || call *%edx (0xFFD2) || call *(%ecx) (0xFFD1) || call (%eax) (0xFF10) || call *%esi (0xFFD6) || call *%ebx (0xFFD3) if ($_byte2 == 0xD0 || $_byte2 == 0xD1 || $_byte2 == 0xD2 || $_byte2 == 0xD3 || $_byte2 == 0xD6 || $_byte2 == 0x10 ) set $_nextaddress = $pc + 0x2 end # call *0x??(%ebp) (0xFF55??) || call *0x??(%esi) (0xFF56??) || call *0x??(%edi) (0xFF5F??) || call *0x??(%ebx) # call *0x??(%edx) (0xFF52??) || call *0x??(%ecx) (0xFF51??) || call *0x??(%edi) (0xFF57??) || call *0x??(%eax) (0xFF50??) if ($_byte2 == 0x55 || $_byte2 == 0x56 || $_byte2 == 0x5F || $_byte2 == 0x53 || $_byte2 == 0x52 || $_byte2 == 0x51 || $_byte2 == 0x57 || $_byte2 == 0x50) set $_nextaddress = $pc + 0x3 end # call *0x????????(%ebx) (0xFF93????????) || if ($_byte2 == 0x93 || $_byte2 == 0x94 || $_byte2 == 0x90) set $_nextaddress = $pc + 6 end # call *0x????????(%ebx,%eax,4) (0xFF94??????????) if ($_byte2 == 0x94) set $_nextaddress = $pc + 7 end end end # if we have found a call to bypass we set a temporary breakpoint on next instruction and continue if ($_nextaddress != 0) tbreak *$_nextaddress continue # else we just single step else nexti end # end of stepo function end document stepo Step over calls (interesting to bypass the ones to msgSend) This function will set a temporary breakpoint on next instruction after the call so the call will be bypassed You can safely use it instead nexti or n since it will single step code if it's not a call instruction (unless you want to go into the call function) end # _______________eflags commands______________ define cfc if ($eflags & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x1 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x1 end end document cfc Change Carry Flag. end define cfp if (($eflags >> 2) & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x4 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x4 end end document cfp Change Parity Flag. end define cfa if (($eflags >> 4) & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x10 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x10 end end document cfa Change Auxiliary Carry Flag. end define cfz if (($eflags >> 6) & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x40 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x40 end end document cfz Change Zero Flag. end define cfs if (($eflags >> 7) & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x80 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x80 end end document cfs Change Sign Flag. end define cft if (($eflags >>8) & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x100 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x100 end end document cft Change Trap Flag. end define cfi if (($eflags >> 9) & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x200 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x200 end end document cfi Change Interrupt Flag. Only privileged applications (usually the OS kernel) may modify IF. This only applies to protected mode (real mode code may always modify IF). end define cfd if (($eflags >>0xA) & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x400 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x400 end end document cfd Change Direction Flag. end define cfo if (($eflags >> 0xB) & 1) set $eflags = $eflags&~0x800 else set $eflags = $eflags|0x800 end end document cfo Change Overflow Flag. end # ____________________patch___________________ define nop if ($argc > 2 || $argc == 0) help nop end if ($argc == 1) set *(unsigned char *)$arg0 = 0x90 else set $addr = $arg0 while ($addr < $arg1) set *(unsigned char *)$addr = 0x90 set $addr = $addr + 1 end end end document nop Usage: nop ADDR1 [ADDR2] Patch a single byte at address ADDR1, or a series of bytes between ADDR1 and ADDR2 to a NOP (0x90) instruction. end define null if ( $argc >2 || $argc == 0) help null end if ($argc == 1) set *(unsigned char *)$arg0 = 0 else set $addr = $arg0 while ($addr < $arg1) set *(unsigned char *)$addr = 0 set $addr = $addr +1 end end end document null Usage: null ADDR1 [ADDR2] Patch a single byte at address ADDR1 to NULL (0x00), or a series of bytes between ADDR1 and ADDR2. end define int3 if $argc != 1 help int3 else set *(unsigned char *)$arg0 = 0xCC end end document int3 Patch byte at address ADDR to an INT3 (0xCC) instruction. Usage: int3 ADDR end # ____________________cflow___________________ define print_insn_type if $argc != 1 help print_insn_type else if ($arg0 < 0 || $arg0 > 5) printf "UNDEFINED/WRONG VALUE" end if ($arg0 == 0) printf "UNKNOWN" end if ($arg0 == 1) printf "JMP" end if ($arg0 == 2) printf "JCC" end if ($arg0 == 3) printf "CALL" end if ($arg0 == 4) printf "RET" end if ($arg0 == 5) printf "INT" end end end document print_insn_type Print human-readable mnemonic for the instruction type (usually $INSN_TYPE). Usage: print_insn_type INSN_TYPE_NUMBER end define get_insn_type if $argc != 1 help get_insn_type else set $INSN_TYPE = 0 set $_byte1 = *(unsigned char *)$arg0 if ($_byte1 == 0x9A || $_byte1 == 0xE8) # "call" set $INSN_TYPE = 3 end if ($_byte1 >= 0xE9 && $_byte1 <= 0xEB) # "jmp" set $INSN_TYPE = 1 end if ($_byte1 >= 0x70 && $_byte1 <= 0x7F) # "jcc" set $INSN_TYPE = 2 end if ($_byte1 >= 0xE0 && $_byte1 <= 0xE3 ) # "jcc" set $INSN_TYPE = 2 end if ($_byte1 == 0xC2 || $_byte1 == 0xC3 || $_byte1 == 0xCA || \ $_byte1 == 0xCB || $_byte1 == 0xCF) # "ret" set $INSN_TYPE = 4 end if ($_byte1 >= 0xCC && $_byte1 <= 0xCE) # "int" set $INSN_TYPE = 5 end if ($_byte1 == 0x0F ) # two-byte opcode set $_byte2 = *(unsigned char *)($arg0 + 1) if ($_byte2 >= 0x80 && $_byte2 <= 0x8F) # "jcc" set $INSN_TYPE = 2 end end if ($_byte1 == 0xFF) # opcode extension set $_byte2 = *(unsigned char *)($arg0 + 1) set $_opext = ($_byte2 & 0x38) if ($_opext == 0x10 || $_opext == 0x18) # "call" set $INSN_TYPE = 3 end if ($_opext == 0x20 || $_opext == 0x28) # "jmp" set $INSN_TYPE = 1 end end end end document get_insn_type Recognize instruction type at address ADDR. Take address ADDR and set the global $INSN_TYPE variable to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if the instruction at that address is unknown, a jump, a conditional jump, a call, a return, or an interrupt. Usage: get_insn_type ADDR end define step_to_call set $_saved_ctx = $SHOW_CONTEXT set $SHOW_CONTEXT = 0 set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 set logging file /dev/null set logging redirect on set logging on set $_cont = 1 while ($_cont > 0) stepi get_insn_type $pc if ($INSN_TYPE == 3) set $_cont = 0 end end set logging off if ($_saved_ctx > 0) context end set $SHOW_CONTEXT = $_saved_ctx set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 set logging file ~/gdb.txt set logging redirect off set logging on printf "step_to_call command stopped at:\n " x/i $pc printf "\n" set logging off end document step_to_call Single step until a call instruction is found. Stop before the call is taken. Log is written into the file ~/gdb.txt. end define trace_calls printf "Tracing...please wait...\n" set $_saved_ctx = $SHOW_CONTEXT set $SHOW_CONTEXT = 0 set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 set $_nest = 1 set listsize 0 set logging overwrite on set logging file ~/gdb_trace_calls.txt set logging on set logging off set logging overwrite off while ($_nest > 0) get_insn_type $pc # handle nesting if ($INSN_TYPE == 3) set $_nest = $_nest + 1 else if ($INSN_TYPE == 4) set $_nest = $_nest - 1 end end # if a call, print it if ($INSN_TYPE == 3) set logging file ~/gdb_trace_calls.txt set logging redirect off set logging on set $x = $_nest - 2 while ($x > 0) printf "\t" set $x = $x - 1 end x/i $pc end set logging off set logging file /dev/null set logging redirect on set logging on stepi set logging redirect off set logging off end set $SHOW_CONTEXT = $_saved_ctx set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 printf "Done, check ~/gdb_trace_calls.txt\n" end document trace_calls Create a runtime trace of the calls made by target. Log overwrites(!) the file ~/gdb_trace_calls.txt. end define trace_run printf "Tracing...please wait...\n" set $_saved_ctx = $SHOW_CONTEXT set $SHOW_CONTEXT = 0 set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 1 set logging overwrite on set logging file ~/gdb_trace_run.txt set logging redirect on set logging on set $_nest = 1 while ( $_nest > 0 ) get_insn_type $pc # jmp, jcc, or cll if ($INSN_TYPE == 3) set $_nest = $_nest + 1 else # ret if ($INSN_TYPE == 4) set $_nest = $_nest - 1 end end stepi end printf "\n" set $SHOW_CONTEXT = $_saved_ctx set $SHOW_NEST_INSN = 0 set logging redirect off set logging off # clean up trace file shell grep -v ' at ' ~/gdb_trace_run.txt > ~/gdb_trace_run.1 shell grep -v ' in ' ~/gdb_trace_run.1 > ~/gdb_trace_run.txt shell rm -f ~/gdb_trace_run.1 printf "Done, check ~/gdb_trace_run.txt\n" end document trace_run Create a runtime trace of target. Log overwrites(!) the file ~/gdb_trace_run.txt. end # ____________________misc____________________ define hook-stop # this makes 'context' be called at every BP/step if ($SHOW_CONTEXT > 0) context end if ($SHOW_NEST_INSN > 0) set $x = $_nest while ($x > 0) printf "\t" set $x = $x - 1 end end end document hook-stop !!! FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY - DO NOT CALL !!! end # original by Tavis Ormandy (http://my.opera.com/taviso/blog/index.dml/tag/gdb) (great fix!) # modified to work with Mac OS X by fG! # seems nasm shipping with Mac OS X has problems accepting input from stdin or heredoc # input is read into a variable and sent to a temporary file which nasm can read define assemble # dont enter routine again if user hits enter dont-repeat if ($argc) if (*$arg0 = *$arg0) # check if we have a valid address by dereferencing it, # if we havnt, this will cause the routine to exit. end printf "Instructions will be written to %#x.\n", $arg0 else printf "Instructions will be written to stdout.\n" end printf "Type instructions, one per line." echo \033[1m printf " Do not forget to use NASM assembler syntax!\n" echo \033[0m printf "End with a line saying just \"end\".\n" if ($argc) # argument specified, assemble instructions into memory at address specified. shell ASMOPCODE="$(while read -ep '>' r && test "$r" != end ; do echo -E "$r"; done)" ; FILENAME=$RANDOM; \ echo -e "BITS 32\n$ASMOPCODE" >/tmp/$FILENAME ; /usr/bin/nasm -f bin -o /dev/stdout /tmp/$FILENAME | /usr/bin/hexdump -ve '1/1 "set *((unsigned char *) $arg0 + %#2_ax) = %#02x\n"' >/tmp/gdbassemble ; /bin/rm -f /tmp/$FILENAME source /tmp/gdbassemble # all done. clean the temporary file shell /bin/rm -f /tmp/gdbassemble else # no argument, assemble instructions to stdout shell ASMOPCODE="$(while read -ep '>' r && test "$r" != end ; do echo -E "$r"; done)" ; FILENAME=$RANDOM; \ echo -e "BITS 32\n$ASMOPCODE" >/tmp/$FILENAME ; /usr/bin/nasm -f bin -o /dev/stdout /tmp/$FILENAME | /usr/bin/ndisasm -i -b32 /dev/stdin ; /bin/rm -f /tmp/$FILENAME end end document assemble Assemble instructions using nasm. Type a line containing "end" to indicate the end. If an address is specified, insert/modify instructions at that address. If no address is specified, assembled instructions are printed to stdout. Use the pseudo instruction "org ADDR" to set the base address. end define assemble_gas printf "\nType code to assemble and hit Ctrl-D when finished.\n" printf "You must use GNU assembler (AT&T) syntax.\n" shell filename=$(mktemp); \ binfilename=$(mktemp); \ echo -e "Writing into: ${filename}\n"; \ cat > $filename; echo ""; \ as -o $binfilename < $filename; \ objdump -d -j .text $binfilename; \ rm -f $binfilename; \ rm -f $filename; \ echo -e "temporaly files deleted.\n" end document assemble_gas Assemble instructions to binary opcodes. Uses GNU as and objdump. Usage: assemble_gas end define dump_hexfile dump ihex memory $arg0 $arg1 $arg2 end document dump_hexfile Write a range of memory to a file in Intel ihex (hexdump) format. The range is specified by ADDR1 and ADDR2 addresses. Usage: dump_hexfile FILENAME ADDR1 ADDR2 end define dump_binfile dump memory $arg0 $arg1 $arg2 end document dump_binfile Write a range of memory to a binary file. The range is specified by ADDR1 and ADDR2 addresses. Usage: dump_binfile FILENAME ADDR1 ADDR2 end define cls shell clear end document cls Clear screen. end # _________________user tips_________________ # The 'tips' command is used to provide tutorial-like info to the user define tips printf "Tip Topic Commands:\n" printf "\ttip_display : Automatically display values on each break\n" printf "\ttip_patch : Patching binaries\n" printf "\ttip_strip : Dealing with stripped binaries\n" printf "\ttip_syntax : AT&T vs Intel syntax\n" end document tips Provide a list of tips from users on various topics. end define tip_patch printf "\n" printf " PATCHING MEMORY\n" printf "Any address can be patched using the 'set' command:\n" printf "\t`set ADDR = VALUE` \te.g. `set *0x8049D6E = 0x90`\n" printf "\n" printf " PATCHING BINARY FILES\n" printf "Use `set write` in order to patch the target executable\n" printf "directly, instead of just patching memory\n" printf "\t`set write on` \t`set write off`\n" printf "Note that this means any patches to the code or data segments\n" printf "will be written to the executable file\n" printf "When either of these commands has been issued,\n" printf "the file must be reloaded.\n" printf "\n" end document tip_patch Tips on patching memory and binary files. end define tip_strip printf "\n" printf " STOPPING BINARIES AT ENTRY POINT\n" printf "Stripped binaries have no symbols, and are therefore tough to\n" printf "start automatically. To debug a stripped binary, use\n" printf "\tinfo file\n" printf "to get the entry point of the file\n" printf "The first few lines of output will look like this:\n" printf "\tSymbols from '/tmp/a.out'\n" printf "\tLocal exec file:\n" printf "\t `/tmp/a.out', file type elf32-i386.\n" printf "\t Entry point: 0x80482e0\n" printf "Use this entry point to set an entry point:\n" printf "\t`tbreak *0x80482e0`\n" printf "The breakpoint will delete itself after the program stops as\n" printf "the entry point\n" printf "\n" end document tip_strip Tips on dealing with stripped binaries. end define tip_syntax printf "\n" printf "\t INTEL SYNTAX AT&T SYNTAX\n" printf "\tmnemonic dest, src, imm mnemonic src, dest, imm\n" printf "\t[base+index*scale+disp] disp(base, index, scale)\n" printf "\tregister: eax register: %%eax\n" printf "\timmediate: 0xFF immediate: $0xFF\n" printf "\tdereference: [addr] dereference: addr(,1)\n" printf "\tabsolute addr: addr absolute addr: *addr\n" printf "\tbyte insn: mov byte ptr byte insn: movb\n" printf "\tword insn: mov word ptr word insn: movw\n" printf "\tdword insn: mov dword ptr dword insn: movd\n" printf "\tfar call: call far far call: lcall\n" printf "\tfar jump: jmp far far jump: ljmp\n" printf "\n" printf "Note that order of operands in reversed, and that AT&T syntax\n" printf "requires that all instructions referencing memory operands \n" printf "use an operand size suffix (b, w, d, q)\n" printf "\n" end document tip_syntax Summary of Intel and AT&T syntax differences. end define tip_display printf "\n" printf "Any expression can be set to automatically be displayed every time\n" printf "the target stops. The commands for this are:\n" printf "\t`display expr' : automatically display expression 'expr'\n" printf "\t`display' : show all displayed expressions\n" printf "\t`undisplay num' : turn off autodisplay for expression # 'num'\n" printf "Examples:\n" printf "\t`display/x *(int *)$esp` : print top of stack\n" printf "\t`display/x *(int *)($ebp+8)` : print first parameter\n" printf "\t`display (char *)$esi` : print source string\n" printf "\t`display (char *)$edi` : print destination string\n" printf "\n" end document tip_display Tips on automatically displaying values when a program stops. end # bunch of semi-useless commands # enable and disable shortcuts for stop-on-solib-events fantastic trick! define enablesolib set stop-on-solib-events 1 end document enablesolib Shortcut to enable stop-on-solib-events trick! end define disablesolib set stop-on-solib-events 0 end document disablesolib Shortcut to disable stop-on-solib-events trick! end # enable commands for different displays define enableobjectivec set $SHOWOBJECTIVEC = 1 end document enableobjectivec Enable display of objective-c information in the context window end define enablecpuregisters set $SHOWCPUREGISTERS = 1 end document enablecpuregisters Enable display of cpu registers in the context window end define enablestack set $SHOWSTACK = 1 end document enablestack Enable display of stack in the context window end define enabledatawin set $SHOWDATAWIN = 1 end document enabledatawin Enable display of data window in the context window end # disable commands for different displays define disableobjectivec set $SHOWOBJECTIVEC = 0 end document disableobjectivec Disable display of objective-c information in the context window end define disablecpuregisters set $SHOWCPUREGISTERS = 0 end document disablecpuregisters Disable display of cpu registers in the context window end define disablestack set $SHOWSTACK = 0 end document disablestack Disable display of stack information in the context window end define disabledatawin set $SHOWDATAWIN = 0 end document disabledatawin Disable display of data window in the context window end #EOF